This image generates negative attitudes in relation to globalization because it becomes the synonym of the leveling of the social world.
Against this vision, there is a more balanced vision according to which the global system and the local systems have their own origins and determinant factors and are the object of the same material and ideological factors that produce their existence and complementarities. Uniformity in the globalized world is confronted with a high number of opportunities to move and communicate. Individuals can use these opportunities to defend and promote their rights and identities.
Uniformity is, therefore, accompanied by singularity, discontinuity, decentralization and other characteristics of S TE S the present world which are synthetically named as factors of fragmentation to R AP LS emphasize the hostile reaction and barriers that individuals create against the uniformization. Inevitably the reaffirmation of individuality goes hand in hand with context and competition but also with emulation and the coming together of the C EO individuals in the global system.
The material factors of globalization — i. The last leaps and bounds have been the first, second, third and today the fourth industrial E — revolution, the electronic revolution.
Since the French revolution, the ideological factors H of the globalization process i. These material and ideological factors have an effect in the world as a whole and also within the single country. They have generated the M SC expansion of a world-wide economic market. They have created the same demands to face the same problems environmental, social, etc. This chapter is about the relations between the globalization process and international SA NE politics.
Our interest concentrates on the analysis of the adaptation of the organization of the international system to globalization and the analysis of the institutional procedures supplied by the state system to the global system in order to provide political U regulations of the global problems.
Globalization and International Politics The long process of globalization has been strictly associated with processes taking place in the international political system.
Clark highlighted five explanations of the dependence of globalization upon international politics. The political unification of the world is the product of the exportation of the rules and institutions of the European states system to the whole planet. Bull and Watson have produced a wide-ranging presentation of this process of expansion of the European international society to the rest of the world and of the transformations undergone by the Asian, American and African systems in their adaptation to European expansion.
The second school relates the globalization process to the fluctuation of international power. Confronted with recession and politico-economic crisis, the great powers have tried to regain international power by extending their competition to the rest of the world. The third school also interprets globalization in harmony with the logic of international power.
However, it adopts the hegemonic theory rather than the theory of the balance of power. A hegemonic power created the global system taking the role of the basic provider of security in long distance relations and flows Gilpin, ; Modelski, Milward presents the fourth international politics explanation of the globalization process.
According to him, the contemporary international process of integration in a single world-wide economy is the result of the strategy of the nation state to keep its role as the principal political system.
The fifth way to interpret the dependence of globalization upon international politics is that of Cox ; and S TE S Chase-Dunn The organization of the world-wide economy is guided by the R AP LS forces of the market but it is never isolated from the action of the governments.
On the contrary, it is supported by the military action of the states every time the great powers recognize the need to keep it forcefully in favor of their own internal economic C EO interests. The evolutionary explanation of the E — institutional change of international politics Modelski ; has the merit of H bringing into attention the collusion of different factors i.
M SC These connections and synchronizations, in turn, depend on the compression of time and space that the technological progress has brought about in our era. The SA NE instantaneousness of communication and the rapidity of transportation at low costs -- thanks to the progress of the applied science —- have created that compression that is at the basis of the globalization process in different areas like economy, politics and U culture.
In the economy this means the integration of financial markets and industrial production, on a world-wide scale, of small and large companies.
In politics, the compression of time and space has produced the interdependence of national legislations and policies and has deeply changed the decision-making process of the states.
This means especially the transference of competences from the traditional national institutions like parliaments to new national institutions like public authorities which are able to respond more quickly to the changes produced by international interdependence.
The compression of time and space has induced also the transference of governmental competences and power from the national level to the supranational level as exemplified, more that anything else, by the case of the European Union.
It is this weakness of contemporary dictatorships that creates windows of opportunity to manage the problems of human rights and democracy. In culture, the compression of time and space spreads ideas instantaneously and determines inclusions like immigration that have inevitable consequences on the interpretation of the world and the ways of dealing with individual and collective life. These effects of the technological progress on societies are not uniformly distributed.
What is important, however, is the fact that this compression of time and space generates problems that are not contained within isolated areas. They are problems that need solutions at the global level. Globalization, in other words, necessitates institutions and capacities of global government. There are, first of all, the corrosive forces of technological innovations in the field of information, communication and transportation.
They produce immediate transmission of messages, great rapidity in physical mobility and high growth of C EO economic exchanges. Every country is permeable to the flows of communication and transport. All countries are, therefore, interdependent on a larger scale than in the past.
Certainly, interdependence does not present itself in the same way and with the same intensity for all countries. There are differences according to region and geographical area, and some areas have specific problems. In general, however, the internal political E — affairs of a county are — more than they were in the past — influenced or conditioned by H what happens in the political systems of other states.
The same happens to the cultural, PL O economic and social domestic systems. The world market economy has put an end to the fragmentation of the national markets and has cancelled the possibility of economic M SC policies autonomously carried out by national governments. The emergence of problems that in their evolution and especially in their possible solution have a dimension and nature that go beyond state borders forces the rulers to adopt legislative and SA NE administrative solutions inspired by criteria and interests that are not only those of their own countries.
Rules made by international organizations, agreements negotiated in the course of worldwide conferences, and legislations of certain countries especially U effective in regulating specific aspects environment, health, etc.
This situation has modified the perception of the state and of international relations by showing the potential for strong reorganization and adaptability of those actions and relations established by new actors responsible for models of life adopted by the people.
Domestic politics is conditioned by organizations and processes that are beyond the single country and that have deprived the state of some competencies. At the same time, the intervention of the state has extended also into areas in which it was not present in the past. We are going through a period of time in which the division of the world into different states, and the creation and building of states proceed hand in hand with the growth of opposite processes.
The body of literature on the problem of the continuity and change of the characteristics of the state in the contemporary world has been enormous. From the perspective of the global political system, a selection of studies includes, for example, Camilleri, Jarvis and Paolini ; Duchacek, Latouche and Stevenson ; Gummett ; Held a ; Hocking ; Mayal ; Merle and Strange All started with processes that have had different origins and rates of evolution at different historical moments and in different sectors of social actions.
The speed of evolution has increased in the last decades. Therefore, we refer to this era as the era of globalization. In addition, besides almost state political systems some of which are not unitary political systems but federal and regional systems, i. This system which encompasses all the political systems including the international system is the global political system.
C EO The actions and relations of multinational corporations, associations, organizations and networks, based in various countries or no country in particular and which are apart and independent from national governments, are added to the actions and relations of the two fundamental systems of politics, i. The actions and relations among non-state actors interfere, deliberately or not deliberately, E — both with the domestic politics of the states formed by the domestic institutions and H political actors, and the international politics formed by national governments and PL O intergovernmental institutions international organizations and regimes.
M SC The actors internal to the states enterprises, political parties, unions, associations and organizations of various kinds , the states, the intergovernmental organizations and the trans-national actors multinational corporations and NGOs do not easily coexist and SA NE do not interact without conflict.
However, the involvement of the state and non-state actors is essential in the formulation of political strategies to give solution to the problems of the global system. If the instruments of the governments are not sufficient, U non-state actors do not have enough resources or authority to face the global problems in a resolutive manner and start a sustainable development process. Sustainable Development and the Agenda of the Global System Political sovereignty and territorial security are not the only problems of international politics -- as they were for centuries after the formation of the European state system.
Economic problems were added to these more than a century ago when the problems of adjusting national economic interests were perceived by the major European countries resolute to defend — even at the cost of war — their trade and the search for new markets for their products. The international problems of the global system go beyond the territorial and political security of the countries and also beyond the rules of the economic competition in the world market.
II — International Relations and Contemporary World Issues - Fulvio Attina respect for human rights, self-determination, democracy and protection of minority groups; the problems of migrations for economic reasons, and displacement of masses for ethnic and political reasons; the problems of the conservation of the biosphere, protection of the environment and exploitation of the national resources and global commons space, atmosphere, and oceans ; the problems of health emergencies produced by epidemics and threatening diseases like HIV; the problems of international organized crime and illicit trafficking money laundering, drug trafficking, clandestine arms trade and sales, and new forms of slavery.
All these problems are causes of disorder and uncertainty in the world system. Each of them, whatever the geographical locality of the areas most affected, produces effects that are not easily contained by the borders of the states. Each of them goes easily beyond the boundaries of a state and produces effects within other countries, attacks the social order, has influence on the economic plans, and requires political decisions. The probability of successful policy and legislative answers to these problems is minimal or almost non- existent if governments do not coordinate their strategies.
Because of the interdependence and S TE S interconnection that globalization produces on domestic policies, any government is R AP LS able to exercise its functions provide public security, economic growth, health protection, social security, etc. In order to be effective in facing the internal effects of the global C EO problems, government strategies need to be co-ordinated among themselves and give place also to international public policies.
But, in order for this to be possible, global problems need to be part of the agenda of the global political system. The system agenda is made of the problems: 1 that a large number or all the actors of E — the system consider themselves of the greatest importance to the political organization H of the system, and 2 the system actors have different preferences for solutions.
ICSID arbitration. States in the international arbitral process. The law applicable to the merits of the dispute. The applicable law: general principles of law — the lex mercatoria.
The law governing the agreement and procedure in international arbitration in England. The extent of independence of international arbitration from the law of the situs. The role of national law and the national courts in England.
Supplementary rules governing the presentation and reception of evidence in international commercial arbitration. Page 1 Navigate to page number of 2. About this book Introduction The establishment of a School of International Arbitration was a sufficiently important occurrence to have brought to London, for its inaugural conference, most of the world's leading experts on international arbitration.
The three-day Symposium on March , sought to identify and consider the It was not the aim contemporary problems affecting international arbitration. The success of the School will be measured in the future by its contribution, through research and teaching, to the development of solutions to the difficulties and uncertainties which reduce the effectiveness of international arbitration agreements and awards and the conduct of international arbitral proceedings.
This book reproduces the papers presented at the Symposium amended and varied by several contributors. It is not considered appropriate here to comment on or analyse paper by paper the ideas presented or discussions which ensued. However, it would be appropriate to make reference to specific developments in the short period since the Symposium directly relevant to the papers reproduced and the discussions which ensued.
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